Ergonomics of physical workload – risk assessment of manual handling and display screen work
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Musculoskeletal disorders are rarely caused by a single factor. Ergonomics therefore concerns the interplay between force, working posture, movement, repetition, recovery, work pace, and workstation design.
Quick overview
- Ergonomics is regulated in Chapter 6 of AFS 2023:10.
- Risk assessments should be based on actual work tasks and employee exposure.
- Manual handling is assessed based on several factors simultaneously – not just weight.
- Repetitive and hand-intensive work requires special attention.
- Technical and organizational solutions should be prioritized over merely telling the individual to 'work more ergonomically'.
| Manual handling | Weight, grip, reaching distance, twisting, lifting height, and frequency. |
| Repetition | Cycle time, variation, force, and recovery. |
| Working posture | Neck, back, shoulders, arms, and static load. |
| Display screen | Placement, viewing distance, input equipment, lighting, and variation. |
| Organisation | Pace, staffing, breaks, job rotation, and the ability to influence work. |
Manual handling is more than kilograms
The appendix on manual handling in AFS 2023:10 shows that load characteristics, physical exertion, the work environment, operational requirements, and individual factors need to be weighed together. A light object can still pose a high risk if handled frequently, far from the body, or in a twisted position.
Repetitive and hand-intensive work
Rapid, repetitive movements and force in the hands and forearms can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Assess both intensity and total exposure time. Variation and recovery are often as important as the physical design of the workstation.
Display screen work and sedentary work
A good chair is not enough if the work is static all day. The workplace needs to allow for variation, appropriate visual conditions, and an organization of work where the employee can alternate tasks and posture.
Address the cause – not just the symptoms
Technical aids, changes in layout, shorter reaching distances, lower lifting frequency, job rotation, or changed staffing levels can be more effective than simply providing instructions on lifting techniques. Follow up to see if the measure actually reduces exposure.
Common mistakes to avoid
- Using a general weight limit as the sole basis for assessment.
- Assessing the workplace but not the work pace.
- Believing that an ergonomic chair solves long-term static work.
- Not involving the person who actually performs the task.
- Ignoring early signs of discomfort and continuing unchanged.
Frequently asked questions
Is there a maximum permitted lifting weight?
The regulations are not based on a single general weight limit. Several factors must be assessed together.
What is hand-intensive work?
In AFS 2023:10, it is defined as persistent rapid wrist movements in combination with force.
Should display screen work be risk-assessed?
Yes, both physical layout and work organization can contribute to musculoskeletal disorders.
When is an external ergonomist needed?
When internal expertise is insufficient to assess or address the risks, the employer should consult occupational health services or other expert assistance.
Risk assessment for ergonomics
The template package covers manual handling, repetitive work, working postures, and display screen work with a structured action plan.
Sources and further reading
Last updated: October 5, 2026. This article provides general information and does not replace an operation-specific work environment assessment.
